face="Times New Roman Star"1 pasture 2 far environs 3 (summer) camp, dwelling place, village 4 herd
face="Times New Roman Star"1 пастбище 2 дальние страны 3 хутор, деревня 4 отара, стадо баранов
face="Times New Roman Star"utar 3
face="Times New Roman Star"o.to|r 4
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"odor 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otor 3
face="Times New Roman Star"odar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otor 1, 2
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"utar 3
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 1
face="Times New Roman Star"otar 3
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 367, ЭСТЯ 1, 487-488. Usually derived from *ot 'grass' but the morphological pattern is unclear; the word might well be archaic despite lack of ancient attestation. Cf. also Balkan words like Hung. hata/r etc., most probably of Turkic origin. Turk. > WMong. otar, Kalm. otr (KW 291).
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 338, Егоров 78, Федотов 1, 194, Дмитриева 189, Лексика 126. The word is attested late (like many tree names), but borrowing from Russ. ильм is hardly possible; the Russian word, usually considered a Germanism (MHG ilme etc.), may equally well be explained as a Turkism (see Егоров ibid.). The resemblance of PT *ilme and PIE *l&mo- / *olmo- is interesting, but probably accidental (if the Turkic word indeed goes back to PA *p`i_ule).
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|a:- 1, alg|y: 2 ( < Tuva)
face="Times New Roman Star"alga:- 'to shamanize' ( < Tuva)
face="Times New Roman Star"a'lg|ys? 3
face="Times New Roman Star"alqa- 1, alqys? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys 2; alqa- 1 (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"alqys? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys 2
face="Times New Roman Star"alg|ys? 2
face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 1, 137-138, EDT 137-138, Егоров 343, Stachowski 31, Мудрак Дисс. 181 (regarding the Yak. form as borrowed < Tuva because of its vocalism).
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ur 2, dial. bug|u 1
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1, bug|ra, bug|ur 2 (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|u 1, (dial.) bug|ra, bog|ra 2
face="Times New Roman Star"pyrg|a 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ur 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bug|ra 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bura 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu:r 'male reindeer, male'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu:r 'male reindeer'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu:ra 2, bu:r 'male elk'
face="Times New Roman Star"bu:ra 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bura 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bora 2
face="Times New Roman Star"bu: 1
face="Times New Roman Star"buwra 2
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 317-318, ЭСТЯ 2, 235-238, Лексика 152, Лексика 446-447, Stachowski 67. Turk. bugura > Mong. bug|ura (see TMN 2, 296, Щербак 1997, 110). Щербак 1997, 201 considers Turkic *bugu to be borrowed from Mongolian bug|u 'male deer' (which may be true for some Kypchak forms: Kirgh. bug|u, Kaz. bu>g|y, Nogh., KKalp. bug|y), but in fact one can also think of a loan in the opposite direction: Turk. > Mong. bug|u (KW 58, MGCD 166), further > Evk. bug|u etc., see Doerfer MT 78. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bura/ 'female camel'; Mong. (Bur.) bu:ra > Russ. Siber. bu/ra id., see Аникин 142.
face="Times New Roman Star"a stone pillar erected on a grave
face="Times New Roman Star"каменная колонна на могиле, истукан
face="Times New Roman Star"balbal (Orkh., Yen.)
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 333. Borrowed (possibly from an unattested Bulgar source) in Old Russ. bolvanъ, Hung. ba/lva/ny 'stone idol' (suggestion of Melioranski, evidently preferable to the hypothesis of Korsch-Dmitriev < Pers. pahlava:n, see Шипова 84-85, Аникин 114).
face="Times New Roman Star"1 to knock (down), hit, agitate 2 to whet 3 to slaughter 4 to mow 5 scythe 6 to sting, pierce 7 to sweep 8 to chop 9 a k. of broom 10 to sharpen, whet 11 whetstone 12 mowing, hay time 13 to trip 14 blade
face="Times New Roman Star"1 сбивать, ударять, бить, взбалтывать 2 точить 3 убивать, закалывать 4 косить 5 коса 6 жалить, закалывать 7 подметать 8 изрубить, отрубить 9 вид метлы, веник-голик 10 точить 11 оселок 12 покос 13 дать подножку 14 острие, лезвие
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?algy 9, c?algy orag|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|i u.ro|q 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, c?alg|a 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al(y)- 8
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6, 7, c?alg|y 9
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 10, 7, 6, c?alGy 5, 11
face="Times New Roman Star"sal- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 6
face="Times New Roman Star"s/ol- 4, s/olъk 9
face="Times New Roman Star"sa:lyn- 'to fall abruptly'
face="Times New Roman Star"s?aly- 10
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 3, c?alg|y 5, c?alg|yn 12
face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12
face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 4, s?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"saly- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 4, c?alqy 5
face="Times New Roman Star"c?alym 14
face="Times New Roman Star"cal- 1, 4, calqy, calg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"s?al- 1, 3, 13, s?alg|y 5, s?alg|yn 12
face="Times New Roman Star"c?al- 1, 4, c?alg|y 5
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 97, EDT 417-418 , Егоров 206, Федотов 2, 132, 133. The difference in length between Turkm. and Yak. allows to suppose a merger of at least two roots, perhaps originally distinguished semantically and phonetically as *c?a:l- 'to knock down' (reflected in Yak., not reflected in Turkm.) - *c?al- 'to sharpen, whet' (reflected in Turkm., not reflected in Yak.). Since "Verba des Schlagens" are generally vague semantically, in most languages it is difficult to draw a line between them.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 nail, peg 2 corner 3 penis 4 fir
face="Times New Roman Star"1 гвоздь, колышек, чека 2 угол 3 penis 4 хвойное дерево
face="Times New Roman Star"c?y/iv 2 (OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"(c?iz?| 1 MK - a miswriting instead *c?iv?)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"j 'wedge, cotter'
face="Times New Roman Star"c?uv 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"a" 3 (R, by animals), c?iva" 'space between legs above the knees', c?ivila"n 'back saddlegirth' (fixed with a wooden peg)
face="Times New Roman Star"c?iv 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?iis? 'wedge'
face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"so"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?ivi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j, c?u"w, (K) c?ivij 1
face="Times New Roman Star"s?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"c?u"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 110, 121, EDT 393-394, 396, Лексика 125, 398. Because of well known semantic correlations of the type 'penis': 'thorn': 'fir (needle)' it is tempting to compare also the name of the fir-tree: Tat. dial. (КСТТ) c?ivi, cyvy, Khak. syby, Shor s?u"be, Oyr. c?ibi (Tuba c?yby), Tuva s?ivi, Tof. s?ibi. However, the intermediate form meaning 'thorn' is not attested, and the medial consonant here is rather *-p- (unless we suppose interdialectal loans), so it may be unrelated.